1. PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

RAW Bit Rate

Definition: Raw bit rate per data lane.

Unit: Gbps (Gigabits per second).

Bandwidth per Lane Direction

Definition: Bandwidth of a single lane.

Calculation Formula: Bandwidth (Gbps) = RAW Bit Rate.

Total Bandwidth for x16 Link

Definition: Aggregate bandwidth for 16 data lanes.

Calculation Formula: Total Bandwidth = RAW Bit Rate × 16 (unidirectional).

Calculation Examples

PCIe Gen3

• RAW Bit Rate: 8 Gbps
• Per‑lane Bandwidth: 8 Gbps
• x16 Link Total Bandwidth: 8 Gbps × 16 = 128 Gbps (unidirectional)

PCIe Gen4

• RAW Bit Rate: 16 Gbps
• Per‑lane Bandwidth: 16 Gbps
• x16 Link Total Bandwidth: 16 Gbps × 16 = 256 Gbps (unidirectional)

2. MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Interface)

Definition: Interface for mobile devices and embedded systems, commonly used for data transmission.

Bandwidth Calculation: Similar to PCIe, determined by per‑lane bit rate and lane count.

Calculation Examples

MIPI DSI (Display Serial Interface)

• Per‑lane Bit Rate: 1.5 Gbps
• Number of Lanes: 4
• Total Bandwidth: 1.5 Gbps × 4 = 6 Gbps (unidirectional)

3. LVDS (Low‑Voltage Differential Signaling)

Definition: Low‑voltage differential signaling for high‑speed data transmission.

Bandwidth Calculation: Determined by per‑lane bit rate and lane count.

Calculation Examples

LVDS

• Per‑lane Bit Rate: 2 Gbps
• Number of Lanes: 4
• Total Bandwidth: 2 Gbps × 4 = 8 Gbps (unidirectional)

4. HDMI (High‑Definition Multimedia Interface)

Definition: Interface for transmitting high‑definition audio‑video signals.

Bandwidth Calculation: Depends on HDMI version.

Calculation Examples

• HDMI 2.0: Maximum bandwidth 18 Gbps
• HDMI 2.1: Maximum bandwidth 48 Gbps

5. eDP (Embedded DisplayPort)

Definition: DisplayPort interface designed for embedded displays.

Bandwidth Calculation: Depends on eDP version and lane count.

Calculation Examples

eDP 1.4

• Per‑lane Bandwidth: 8.1 Gbps
• Number of Lanes: 4
• Total Bandwidth: 8.1 Gbps × 4 = 32.4 Gbps (unidirectional)

6. Frame Rate and Clock Frequency

Frame Rate: Number of frames rendered by a display per second. Unit: FPS (Frames Per Second).

Clock Frequency: Operating frequency of a system clock. Unit: Hz (Hertz).

Calculation Examples

‑ A 60 Hz display outputs 60 frames per second.

7. TOPS (Tera Operations Per Second)

Definition: Measures trillions of operations a processor can execute per second.

Calculation Formula: Generally determined by processor frequency, issue rate and instruction type.

Calculation Examples

‑ 0.2 TOPS: Equals 200 billion operations per second.

8. DMIPS (Dhrystone MIPS)

Definition: MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) measured via the Dhrystone benchmark. Unit: DMIPS.

Calculation Examples

‑ 1 DMIPS: Processor executes 1 million Dhrystone‑benchmark instructions per second.

9. GFLOPS (Giga Floating‑Point Operations Per Second)

Definition: Measures billions of floating‑point operations executable per second. Unit: GFLOPS.

Calculation Examples

‑ 10 GFLOPS: Equals 10 billion floating‑point operations per second.

10. DDR Clock and Bandwidth

DDR Clock Frequency: Operating clock frequency of memory. Unit: Hz (Hertz).

DDR Bandwidth: Data transfer bandwidth of memory. Calculation Formula: Memory Bandwidth = Data Rate × Bus Width ÷ 8

Calculation Examples

DDR4‑2400‑ Data Rate: 2400 MT/s (Mega‑Transfers per second) ‑ Bus Width: 64 bits ‑ Bandwidth: 2400 × 64 ÷ 8 = 19.2 GB/s (bidirectional)

11. CPU Clock and Bandwidth

CPU Clock Frequency: Operating clock frequency of the CPU. Unit: Hz (Hertz).

CPU Bandwidth: Calculated based on data‑bus width and clock frequency; typically measured using dedicated formulas and memory‑bandwidth benchmark tools.

Calculation Examples

‑ 3 GHz CPU: 3 billion clock cycles per second.

Unit Conversion Reference

• 1 Gbps = (10^9) bits per second
• 1 GB/s = (8times10^9) bits per second
• 1 TOPS = (10^{12}) operations per second
• 1 GFLOPS = (10^9) floating‑point operations per second
• 1 MHz = (10^6) Hz
• 1 GB = (10^9) bytes