Relationship Between Pixels and Resolution A pixel refers to the dots that make up a photo (indicating how many dots compose the photo). Resolution refers to the density of these pixels, measured by pixels per unit area, commonly expressed as dots per inch (dpi). Resolution Resolution indicates the size or dimensions of the image produced by video imaging devices, expressed as **horizontal pixels × vertical pixels**. The maximum imaging resolution of a camera is determined by its CCD or CMOS image sensor. Some cameras support resolution adjustment, which is achieved by cropping the original image using the camera's built-in software.

Data Rate Data rate, also known as bit rate, refers to the data volume of video images per unit time after encoding and compression. It is the most critical factor controlling image quality in video coding. At the same resolution, a smaller compression ratio results in a higher video bit rate and better image quality. Frame Rate A frame is a still image, and consecutive frames form animation, such as motion pictures. Frame rate generally refers to the number of images transmitted per second, usually denoted as **fps (Frames Per Second)**. Each frame is a static picture; displaying frames rapidly and continuously creates an illusion of motion, restoring the real state of objects. A higher frame rate delivers smoother and more realistic animation. The greater the fps, the more fluid the motion displayed. Generally, setting the frame rate to 15 fps or 25 fps is sufficient. Interrelationship Among Resolution, Frame Rate and Data Rate.

Relationship Between Common Resolutions and Bit Rates 960p corresponds to one megapixel (1.03 megapixels), with a typical resolution of 1080×960. 720p generally refers to a resolution of 1280×720. 1080p generally refers to a resolution of 1920×1080; 1080 corresponds to 2 megapixels. 3MP corresponds to 3 megapixels. 3MP 16:9means shooting at 3 megapixels with a 16:9 aspect ratio, resulting in a photo resolution of 2560×1440 (approximately 3.69 megapixels). 4MP corresponds to 4 megapixels. 5MP corresponds to 5 megapixels. 5MP 4:3 means shooting at 5 megapixels with a 4:3 aspect ratio, producing a photo resolution of 2592×1944 (approximately 5.04 megapixels). As shown in the table below:

Bitrate Video bitrate refers to the number of bits transmitted per unit time during data transmission, measured in **kbps**. The higher the bitrate, the greater the bandwidth and storage space required. The bitrate should not be set too low, otherwise the image will appear blurry. Constant Bitrate (CBR) The video bitrate remains fixed and unchanged. When the resolution matches the bitrate, it ensures satisfactory imaging performance and is widely used. Variable Bitrate (VBR) The video bitrate fluctuates continuously while the camera is operating, which relatively saves storage space. However, drastic changes in the monitoring environment may result in blurry images. Interpretation of Video Coding MJPEG Advantages: excellent image clarity, compatible with third-party tools, low requirements for image computing and processing. Disadvantages: large data volume, high demands for storage space and network bandwidth. H.264 Advantages: small data volume, low requirements for storage space and network. Disadvantages: slightly inferior image quality, limited compatibility with third-party tools due to its proprietary format, high hardware requirements for image computing and processing. H.265

Occupies 50% less storage spacethan H.264, saving up to 50% of storage capacity. The coding unit of H.265 can be as small as 8×8 pixels.